We investigate super-linear spreading in a reaction-diffusion model analogous to the Fisher-KPP equation, but in which the population is heterogeneous with respect to the dispersal ability of individuals and the saturation factor is non-local with respect to one variable. It was previously shown that the population expands as $𝒪\left(t^{3/2}\right)$. We identify a constant ${\alpha }^{*}$, and show that, in a weak sense, the front is located at ${\alpha }^{*}{t}^{3/2}$. Surprisingly, ${\alpha }^{*}$ is smaller than the prefactor predicted by the linear problem (that is, without saturation) and analogous problem with local saturation. This hindering phenomenon is the consequence of a subtle interplay between the non-local saturation and the non-trivial dynamics of some particular curves that carry the mass to the front. A careful analysis of these trajectories allows us to characterize the value ${\alpha }^{*}$. The article is complemented with numerical simulations that illustrate some behavior of the model that is beyond our analysis.

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We characterize the finitely generated groups that admit a Cayley graph whose only automorphisms are the translations, confirming a conjecture by Watkins from 1976. The proof relies on random walk techniques. As a consequence, every finitely generated group admits a Cayley graph with countable automorphism group. We also treat the case of directed graphs.

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Let $G$ be a connected reductive complex affine algebraic group, and let ${𝔛}_r$ denote the moduli space of $G$-valued representations of a rank $r$ free group. We first characterize the singularities in ${𝔛}_r$, extending a theorem of Richardson and proving a Mumford-type result about topological singularities; this resolves conjectures of Florentino–Lawton. In particular, we compute the codimension of the orbifold singular locus using facts about Borel–de Siebenthal subgroups. We then use the codimension bound to calculate higher homotopy groups of the smooth locus of ${𝔛}_r$, proving conjectures of Florentino–Lawton–Ramras. Lastly, using the earlier analysis of Borel–de Siebenthal subgroups, we prove a conjecture of Sikora about centralizers of irreducible representations in Lie groups.

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We study the form of possible algebraic relations between functions satisfying linear differential equations. In particular, if $f$ and $g$ satisfy linear differential equations and are algebraically dependent, we give conditions on the differential Galois group associated to $f$ guaranteeing that $g$ is a polynomial in $f$. We apply this to hypergeometric functions and iterated integrals.

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Double (quasi-)Poisson algebras were introduced by Van den Bergh as non-commutative analogues of algebras endowed with a (quasi-)Poisson bracket. In this work, we provide a study of morphisms of double (quasi-)Poisson algebras, which we relate to the $H_0$-Poisson structures of Crawley–Boevey. We prove in particular that the double (quasi-) Poisson algebra structure defined by Van den Bergh for an arbitrary quiver only depends upon the quiver seen as an undirected graph, up to isomorphism. We derive from our results a representation theoretic description of action-angle duality for several classical integrable systems.

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In this paper, we investigate a stochastic Hardy–Littlewood–Sobolev inequality. Due to the non-homogenous nature of the potential in the inequality, we show that a constant proportional to the length of the interval appears on the right-hand-side. As a direct application, we derive local Strichartz estimates for randomly modulated dispersions and solve the Cauchy problem of the critical nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

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We are interested in a non-local partial differential equation modeling equal mitosis. We prove that the solutions present persistent asymptotic oscillations and that the convergence to this periodic behavior, in suitable spaces of weighted signed measures, occurs exponentially fast. It can be seen as a spectral gap result between the countable set of dominant eigenvalues and the rest of the spectrum, which is to our knowledge completely new. The two main difficulties in the proof are to define the projection onto the subspace of periodic (rescaled) solutions and to estimate the speed of convergence to this projection. The first one is addressed by using the generalized relative entropy structure of the dual equation, and the second is tackled by applying Harris’s ergodic theorem on sub-problems.

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Following recent result of L. M. Tóth [Tót21, Annales Henri Lebesgue, Volume 4 (2021)] we show that every $2\Delta$-regular Borel graph $𝒢$ with a (not necessarily invariant) Borel probability measure admits approximate Schreier decoration. In fact, we show that both ingredients from the analogous statements for finite graphs have approximate counterparts in the measurable setting, i.e., approximate Kőnig’s line coloring Theorem for Borel graphs without odd cycles and approximate balanced orientation for even degree Borel graphs.

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We study a configuration model on bipartite planar maps in which, given $n$ even integers, one samples a planar map with $n$ faces uniformly at random with these face degrees. We prove that when suitably rescaled, such maps always admit nontrivial subsequential limits as $n\to \infty$ in the Gromov–Hausdorff–Prokhorov topology. Further, we show that they converge in distribution towards the celebrated Brownian sphere, and more generally a Brownian disk for maps with a boundary, if and only if there is no inner face with a macroscopic degree, or, if the perimeter is too big, the maps degenerate and converge to the Brownian tree. By first sampling the degrees at random with an appropriate distribution, this model recovers that of size-conditioned Boltzmann maps associated with critical weights in the domain of attraction of a stable law with index $\alpha \in [1,2]$. The Brownian tree and disks then appear respectively in the case $\alpha =1$ and $\alpha =2$, whereas in the case $\alpha \in (1,2)$ our results partially recover previous known ones. Our proofs rely on known bijections with labelled plane trees, which are similarly sampled uniformly at random given $n$ outdegrees. Along the way, we obtain some results on the geometry of such trees, such as a convergence to the Brownian tree but only in the weaker sense of subtrees spanned by random vertices, which are of independent interest.

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We introduce and implement a method to compute stationary states of nonlinear Schrödinger equations on metric graphs. Stationary states are obtained as local minimizers of the nonlinear Schrödinger energy at fixed mass. Our method is based on a normalized gradient flow for the energy (i.e. a gradient flow projected on a fixed mass sphere) adapted to the context of nonlinear quantum graphs. We first prove that, at the continuous level, the normalized gradient flow is well-posed, mass-preserving, energy diminishing and converges (at least locally) towards stationary states. We then establish the link between the continuous flow and its discretized version. We conclude by conducting a series of numerical experiments in model situations showing the good performance of the discrete flow to compute stationary states. Further experiments as well as detailed explanation of our numerical algorithm are given in a companion paper.

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We prove a scattering result near certain steady states for a Hartree equation for a random field. This equation describes the evolution of a system of infinitely many particles. It is an analogous formulation of the usual Hartree equation for density matrices. We treat dimensions $2$ and $3$, extending our previous result. We reach a large class of interaction potentials, which includes the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. This result has an incidence in the density matrices framework. The proof relies on dispersive techniques used for the study of scattering for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, and on the use of explicit low frequency cancellations as done by Lewin and Sabin. To relate to density matrices, we use Strichartz estimates for orthonormal systems from Frank and Sabin, and Leibniz rules for integral operators.

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An action of a group $G$ is highly transitive if $G$ acts transitively on $k$-tuples of distinct points for all $k\ge 1$. Many examples of groups with a rich geometric or dynamical action admit highly transitive actions. We prove that if a group $G$ admits a highly transitive action such that $G$ does not contain the subgroup of finitary alternating permutations, and if $H$ is a confined subgroup of $G$, then the action of $H$ remains highly transitive, possibly after discarding finitely many points.

This result provides a tool to rule out the existence of highly transitive actions, and to classify highly transitive actions of a given group. We give concrete illustrations of these applications in the realm of groups of dynamical origin. In particular we obtain the first non-trivial classification of highly transitive actions of a finitely generated group.

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We propose an approach to obtaining explicit estimates on the resolvent of hypocoercive operators by using Schur complements, rather than from an exponential decay of the evolution semigroup combined with a time integral. We present applications to Langevin-like dynamics and Fokker–Planck equations, as well as the linear Boltzmann equation (which is also the generator of randomized Hybrid Monte Carlo in molecular dynamics). In particular, we make precise the dependence of the resolvent bounds on the parameters of the dynamics and on the dimension. We also highlight the relationship of our method with other hypocoercive approaches.

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We determine the asymptotic behavior of the Green function for zero-drift random walks confined to multidimensional convex cones. As a consequence, we prove that there is a unique positive discrete harmonic function for these processes (up to a multiplicative constant); in other words, the Martin boundary reduces to a singleton.

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We prove the convergence of the density on the scale $Z^{-1}$ to the density of the Bohr atom with infinitely many electrons (strong Scott conjecture) for a model that is known to describe heavy atoms accurately.

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Let $T_1,T_2$ be regular trees of degrees $d_1,d_2\ge 3$. Let also $\Gamma \le \mathrm{Aut}\left(T_1\right)\times \mathrm{Aut}\left(T_2\right)$ be a group acting freely and transitively on $V{T}_1\times V{T}_2$. For $i=1$ and $2$, assume that the local action of $\Gamma$ on $T_i$ is $2$-transitive; if moreover $d_i\ge 7$, assume that the local action contains $\mathrm{Alt}\left(d_i\right)$. We show that $\Gamma$ is irreducible, unless $(d_1,d_2)$ belongs to an explicit small set of exceptional values. This yields an irreducibility criterion for $\Gamma$ that can be checked purely in terms of its local action on a ball of radius $1$ in $T_1$ and $T_2$. Under the same hypotheses, we show moreover that if $\Gamma$ is irreducible, then it is hereditarily just-infinite, provided the local action on $T_i$ is not the affine group ${\mathbf{F}}_5⋊{\mathbf{F}}_5^{*}$. The proof of irreducibility relies, in several ways, on the Classification of the Finite Simple Groups.

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We show that for a large class of rings $R$, the number of principally polarized abelian varieties over a finite field in a given simple ordinary isogeny class and with endomorphism ring $R$ is equal either to $0$, or to a ratio of class numbers associated to $R$, up to some small computable factors. This class of rings includes the maximal order of the CM field $K$ associated to the isogeny class (for which the result was already known), as well as the order $R$ generated over $\mathbf{Z}$ by Frobenius and Verschiebung.

For this latter order, we can use results of Louboutin to estimate the appropriate ratio of class numbers in terms of the size of the base field and the Frobenius angles of the isogeny class. The error terms in our estimates are quite large, but the trigonometric terms in the estimate are suggestive: Combined with a result of Vlăduţ on the distribution of Frobenius angles of isogeny classes, they give a heuristic argument in support of the theorem of Katz and Sarnak on the limiting distribution of the multiset of Frobenius angles for principally polarized abelian varieties of a fixed dimension over finite fields.

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The Vlasov–Poisson system models a collisionless plasma. In a bounded domain it is known that singularities can occur. Existence of global in time continuous solutions to the Vlasov–Poisson system is proven in a one-dimensional bounded domain, with direct reflection boundary conditions and initial data even with respect to the $v$-variable. Local in time uniqueness is proven. Generalized characteristics are used. Electroneutrality is obtained in the limit.

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We investigate a simple quantitative genetics model subject to a gradual environmental change from the viewpoint of the phylogenies of the living individuals. We aim to understand better how the past traits of their ancestors are shaped by the adaptation to the varying environment. The individuals are characterized by a one-dimensional trait. The dynamics -births and deaths- depend on a time-changing mortality rate that shifts the optimal trait to the right at constant speed. The population size is regulated by a nonlinear non-local logistic competition term. The macroscopic behaviour can be described by a PDE that admits a unique positive stationary solution. In the stationary regime, the population can persist, but with a lag in the trait distribution due to the environmental change. For the microscopic (individual-based) stochastic process, the evolution of the lineages can be traced back using the historical process, that is, a measure-valued process on the set of continuous real functions of time. Assuming stationarity of the trait distribution, we describe the limiting distribution, in large populations, of the path of an individual drawn at random at a given time $T$. Freezing the non-linearity due to competition allows the use of a many-to-one identity together with Feynman–Kac’s formula. This path, in reversed time, remains close to a simple Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. It shows how the lagged bulk of the present population stems from ancestors once optimal in trait but still in the tail of the trait distribution in which they lived.

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We establish distributional limit theorems for the shape statistics of a concave majorant (i.e. the fluctuations of its length, its supremum, the time it is attained and its value at $T$) of a Lévy process on $[0,T]$ as $T\to \infty$. The scale of the fluctuations of the length and other statistics, as well as their asymptotic dependence, vary significantly with the tail behaviour of the Lévy measure. The key tool in the proofs is the recent representation of the concave majorant for all Lévy processes using a stick-breaking representation.

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We define filtrations by affinoid groups, in the Berkovich analytification of a connected reductive group, related to Moy–Prasad filtrations. They are parametrized by a cone, whose basis is the Bruhat–Tits building and whose vertex is the neutral element, via the notions of Shilov boundary and holomorphically convex envelope.

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For $\alpha \in (1,2]$, the $\alpha$-stable graph arises as the universal scaling limit of critical random graphs with i.i.d. degrees having a given $\alpha$-dependent power-law tail behavior. It consists of a sequence of compact measured metric spaces (the limiting connected components), each of which is tree-like, in the sense that it consists of an $ℝ$-tree with finitely many vertex-identifications (which create cycles). Indeed, given their masses and numbers of vertex-identifications, these components are independent and may be constructed from a spanning $ℝ$-tree, which is a biased version of the $\alpha$-stable tree, with a certain number of leaves glued along their paths to the root. In this paper we investigate the geometric properties of such a component with given mass and number of vertex-identifications. We (1) obtain the distribution of its kernel and more generally of its discrete finite-dimensional marginals, and observe that these distributions are themselves related to the distributions of certain configuration models; (2) determine its distribution as a collection of $\alpha$-stable trees glued onto its kernel; and (3) present a line-breaking construction, in the same spirit as Aldous’ line-breaking construction of the Brownian continuum random tree.

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It is known that for every $\alpha \ge 1$ there is a planar triangulation in which every ball of radius $r$ has size $\Theta \left(r^{\alpha }\right)$. We prove that for $\alpha <2$ every such triangulation is quasi-isometric to a tree. The result extends to Riemannian 2-manifolds of finite genus, and to large-scale-simply-connected graphs. We also prove that every planar triangulation of asymptotic dimension 1 is quasi-isometric to a tree.

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We consider one-dimensional branching Brownian motion in which particles are absorbed at the origin. We assume that when a particle branches, the offspring distribution is supercritical, but the particles are given a critical drift towards the origin so that the process eventually goes extinct with probability one. We establish precise asymptotics for the probability that the process survives for a large time $t$, building on previous results by Kesten (1978) and Berestycki, Berestycki, and Schweinsberg (2014). We also prove a Yaglom-type limit theorem for the behavior of the process conditioned to survive for an unusually long time, providing an essentially complete answer to a question first addressed by Kesten (1978). An important tool in the proofs of these results is the convergence of a certain observable to a continuous state branching process. Our proofs incorporate new ideas which might be of use in other branching models.

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We consider the level-sets of continuous Gaussian fields on ${ℝ}^d$ above a certain level $-\ell \in ℝ$, which defines a percolation model as $\ell$ varies. We assume that the covariance kernel satisfies certain regularity, symmetry and positivity conditions as well as a polynomial decay with exponent greater than $d$ (in particular, this includes the Bargmann–Fock field). Under these assumptions, we prove that the model undergoes a sharp phase transition around its critical point ${\ell }_c$. More precisely, we show that connection probabilities decay exponentially for $\ell <{\ell }_c$ and percolation occurs in sufficiently thick 2D slabs for $\ell >{\ell }_c$. This extends results recently obtained in dimension $d=2$ to arbitrary dimensions through completely different techniques. The result follows from a global comparison with a truncated (i.e. with finite range of dependence) and discretized (i.e. defined on the lattice $\epsilon {\mathbb{Z}}^d$) version of the model, which may be of independent interest. The proof of this comparison relies on an interpolation scheme that integrates out the long-range and infinitesimal correlations of the model while compensating them with a slight change in the parameter $\ell$.

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Nous étudions l’exposant diophantien d’un point $x$ d’une hypersurface quadratique. Nous montrons notamment un analogue du théorème de Thue–Siegel–Roth, c’est-à-dire une formule pour l’exposant diophantien d’un point algébrique, et un analogue du résultat de Kleinbock et Margulis sur l’extrémalité des sous-variétés non dégénérées de l’espace affine.

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We consider planar maps with three boundaries, colloquially called pairs of pants. In the case of bipartite maps with controlled face degrees, a simple expression for their generating function was found by Eynard and proved bijectively by Collet and Fusy. In this paper, we obtain an even simpler formula for tight pairs of pants, namely for maps whose boundaries have minimal length in their homotopy class. We follow a bijective approach based on the slice decomposition, which we extend by introducing new fundamental building blocks called bigeodesic triangles and diangles, and by working on the universal cover of the triply punctured sphere. We also discuss the statistics of the lengths of minimal separating loops in (non necessarily tight) pairs of pants and annuli, and their asymptotics in the large volume limit.

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Let $X$ be a homogeneous space of a reductive group with reductive stabilizers, defined over a global field of positive characteristic. Using duality theorems for complexes of tori, we study cohomological obstructions to various arithmetic properties.

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Let $\Gamma$ be a countable group and let $G$ be the Schreier graph of the free part of the Bernoulli shift $\Gamma \curvearrowright 2^{\Gamma }$ (with respect to some finite subset $F\subseteq \Gamma$). We show that the Borel fractional chromatic number of $G$ is equal to $1$ over the measurable independence number of $G$. As a consequence, we asymptotically determine the Borel fractional chromatic number of $G$ when $\Gamma$ is the free group, answering a question of Meehan.

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We consider a general statistical inference model of finite-rank tensor products. For any interaction structure and any order of tensor products, we identify the limit free energy of the model in terms of a variational formula. Our approach consists of showing first that the limit free energy must be the viscosity solution to a certain Hamilton–Jacobi equation.

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We study non-resonant circles for strong magnetic fields on a closed, connected, oriented surface and show how these can be used to prove the existence of trapping regions and of periodic magnetic geodesics with prescribed low speed. As a corollary, there exist infinitely many periodic magnetic geodesics for every low speed in the following cases: i) the surface is not the two-sphere, ii) the magnetic field vanishes somewhere.

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We prove that the 3-manifold obtained by gluing the complements of two nontrivial knots in homology 3-sphere instanton $L$-spaces, by a map which identifies meridians with Seifert longitudes, cannot be an instanton $L$-space. This recovers the recent theorem of Lidman–Pinzón-Caicedo–Zentner that the fundamental group of every closed, oriented, toroidal 3-manifold admits a nontrivial $\mathit{SU}\left(2\right)$-representation, and consequently Zentner’s earlier result that the fundamental group of every closed, oriented $3$-manifold besides the 3-sphere admits a nontrivial $\mathit{SL}(2,ℂ)$-representation.

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We classify completely the infinite, planar triangulations satisfying a weak spatial Markov property, without assuming one-endedness nor finiteness of vertex degrees. In particular, the Uniform Infinite Planar Triangulation (UIPT) is the only such triangulation with average degree $6$. As a consequence, we prove that the convergence of uniform triangulations of the sphere to the UIPT is robust, in the sense that it is preserved under various perturbations of the uniform measure. As another application, we obtain large deviation estimates for the number of occurencies of a pattern in uniform triangulations.

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Let $E$ be a field of characteristic $p$. The group ${\mathbf{Z}}_p^{\times }$ acts on $E\left(\right(X\left)\right)$ by $a·f\left(X\right)=f({(1+X)}^a-1)$. This action extends to the $X$-adic completion $\tilde{\mathbf{E}}$ of ${\cup }_{n\ge 0}E\left(\left(X^{1/p^n}\right)\right)$. We show how to recover $E\left(\right(X\left)\right)$ from the valued $E$-vector space $\tilde{\mathbf{E}}$ endowed with its action of ${\mathbf{Z}}_p^{\times }$. To do this, we introduce the notion of super-Hölder vector in certain $E$-linear representations of ${\mathbf{Z}}_p$. This is a characteristic $p$ analogue of the notion of locally analytic vector in $p$-adic Banach representations of $p$-adic Lie groups.

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We investigate the effects of noise reinforcement on a Bessel process of dimension $d\in (0,2)$, and more specifically on the asymptotic behavior of its additive functionals. This leads us to introduce a local time process and its inverse. We identify the latter as an increasing self-similar (time-homogeneous) Markov process, and from this, several explicit results can be deduced.

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In this article we define and study a stochastic process on Galoisian covers of compact manifolds. The successive positions of the process are defined recursively by picking a point uniformly in the Dirichlet domain of the previous one. We prove a theorem à la Kesten for such a process: the escape rate of the random walk is positive if and only if the cover is non amenable. We also investigate more in details the case where the deck group is Gromov hyperbolic, showing the almost sure convergence to the boundary of the trajectory as well as a central limit theorem for the escape rate.

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We compute the expectation of the number of linear spaces on a random complete intersection in $p$-adic projective space. Here “random” means that the coefficients of the polynomials defining the complete intersections are sampled uniformly from the $p$-adic integers. We show that as the prime $p$ tends to infinity the expected number of linear spaces on a random complete intersection tends to $1$. In the case of the number of lines on a random cubic in three-space and on the intersection of two random quadrics in four-space, we give an explicit formula for this expectation.

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We establish abstract limit theorems which provide sufficient conditions for a sequence $\left(A_l\right)$ of rare events in an ergodic probability preserving dynamical system to exhibit Poisson asymptotics, and for the consecutive positions inside the $A_l$ to be asymptotically iid (spatiotemporal Poisson limits). The limit theorems only use information on what happens to $A_l$ before some time ${\tau }_l$ which is of order $o(1/\mu \left(A_l\right))$. In particular, no assumptions on the asymptotic behavior of the system akin to classical mixing conditions are used. We also discuss some general questions about the asymptotic behaviour of spatial and spatiotemporal processes, and illustrate our results in a setup of simple prototypical systems.

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We initiate a quantitative study of measure equivalence (and orbit equivalence) between finitely generated groups, which extends the classical setting of ${\mathrm{L}}^p$ measure equivalence. In this paper, our main focus will be on amenable groups, for which we prove both rigidity and flexibility results.

On the rigidity side, we prove a general monotonicity property satisfied by the isoperimetric profile, which implies in particular its invariance under ${\mathrm{L}}^1$ measure equivalence. This yields explicit “lower bounds” on how integrable a measure coupling between two amenable groups can be. This result also has an unexpected application to geometric group theory: the isoperimetric profile turns out to be monotonous under coarse embedding between amenable groups. This has various applications, among which the existence of an uncountable family of $3$-solvable groups which pairwise do not coarsely embed into one another.

On the flexibility side, we construct explicit orbit equivalences between amenable groups with prescribed integrability conditions. Our main tool is a new notion of Følner tiling sequences. We show in a number of instances that the bounds derived from the isoperimetric profile are sharp up to a logarithmic factor. We also deduce from this study that two important quasi-isometry invariants are not preserved under ${\mathrm{L}}^1$ orbit equivalence: the asymptotic dimension and finite presentability.

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We present new Poisson process approximation results for stabilizing functionals of Poisson and binomial point processes. These functionals are allowed to have an unbounded range of interaction and encompass many examples in stochastic geometry. Our bounds are derived for the Kantorovich–Rubinstein distance using the generator approach to Stein’s method. We give different types of bounds for different point processes. While some of our bounds are given in terms of coupling of the point process with its Palm version, the others are in terms of the local dependence structure formalized via the notion of stabilization. We provide two supporting examples for our new framework – one is for Morse critical points of the distance function, and the other is for large $k$-nearest neighbor balls. Our bounds considerably extend the results in Barbour and Brown (1992), Decreusefond, Schulte and Thäle (2016) and Otto (2020).

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